Journal of the Bahrain Medical Society
Year 2019, Volume 31, Issue 2, Pages 39-48
https://doi.org/10.26715/jbms.31_15042019Kasim O. Ardati1,*, Soni R. Murdeshwar2, Saramma T. Chacko3, Abhijeet Jagtap4, Sunitha Jacob4
1Consultant Pediatrician/Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Bahrain Specialist Hospital, Manama–10588, Kingdom of Bahrain.
2Microbiology Supervisor, Laboratory, Bahrain Specialist Hospital, Manama–10588, Kingdom of Bahrain.
3Microbiology Technician, Laboratory, Bahrain Specialist Hospital, Manama–10588, Kingdom of Bahrain.
4Specialist Pathologist, Laboratory, Bahrain Specialist Hospital, Manama–10588, Kingdom of Bahrain.
*Corresponding author:
Kasim O. Ardati, Consultant Pediatrician/Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Bahrain Specialist Hospital, Manama–10588, Kingdom of Bahrain, Tel.: (+973) 17812000, Email: Kasim@bsh.com.bh
Received date: April 15, 2019; Accepted date: May 30, 2019; Published date: June 30, 2019
Abstract
Background & objectives: Antimicrobial resistance leads to higher mortality rates, especially with the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR), extensively drug-resistant (XDR), and pandrug-resistant (PDR) bacteria. Hence, current study evaluated the prevalence of MDR, XDR, and PDR bacteria among various clinical samples.
Methods: The study was conducted at the department of Microbiology from January–December 2017. The bacteria were isolated and identified based on the conventional techniques, such as morphological characters and Gram-staining as well as the automated methods, such as Vitek analyzer. Antibiotic susceptibility was evaluated using Kirby–Bauer disc-diffusion method and Vitek analyzer. Based on the antimicrobial resistance pattern, isolates were categorized into MDR, XDR, and PDR. Data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel.
Results: Out of 1862 bacterial isolates analyzed, 61.6% and 38.4% were Gram-negative and Grampositive isolates, respectively. Majority of the isolates were belonged to susceptible (65.2%) group, followed by MDR (30.8%) and XDR (3.9%) isolates group. Among MDR isolates, both extendedspectrum β–lactamases and nonextended-spectrum β–lactamase-producing Escherichia coli (40%), Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (16.4%), Methicillin-resistant S. epidermidis (14.32%), and extended-spectrum β–lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (11.3%) were prevalent. Among XDR isolates, Methicillin-resistant S. epidermidis (68.7%), Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (18.7%), and extended-spectrum β–lactamase-producing K. pneumoniae (12.5%) were predominant.
Conclusion: Among all the isolates, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, Streptococci, Methicillin-resistant S. aureus, and Methicillin-resistant S. epidermidis were the most common drug-resistant isolates; however, no PDR isolates. Isolates were predominantly procured from urine samples. Further, the drug-resistant isolates were encountered exclusively in nosocomial infections. The escalation of MDR bacteria can be reduced by antibiotic stewardship programme and implementing programs for hospital staff regarding hygiene compliance.
Keywords: Antimicrobial susceptibility; Bacterial pathogens; Bahrain; Extensively drug-resistant; Multidrug-resistant